Debut Albums and Expert Chris Gardner free essay sample

At the point when we are free, tune in to music, and consider our fantasies. Dreams can be ordinary, straightforward, incredible or complex. Dreams living in our cerebrum, here and there they clear, once in a while they lost. How might we arrive at our fantasies? Have you attempted to inquire as to whether you have dreams? An individual without dreams Just like the earth without sun, wherever loaded with haziness; sky without mists, forlorn constantly. On the off chance that you are longing for something that you might want to occur, at that point attempt to get it going. I can think about no preferable inspiration power over attempting to follow your reams.Rome was not worked in one day, so we can't arrive at our fantasies one day. The thing we can do now, never surrender your fantasies, hold your fantasies. Regardless of you are in a difficult situation, how enormous the difficulty is. Inconvenience can't be with you for eternity. They will leave sometime in the not so distant future, when they had gone, your fantasies from your bit nearer. We will compose a custom article test on Presentation Albums and Expert Chris Gardner or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The film The quest for satisfaction a genuine tale about U. S. Speculation master Chris Gardner. He was poor single parent of a child. Modest lodging, park even the train station can, has become their sanctuary. In any case, he never surrenders even he just have $21. 3. He had told his child Do not ever let someone let you know can't accomplish something, not even me. You got a fantasy, you goat ensure it. Individuals can't accomplish something themselves, they need to let you know can't do It. On the off chance that you need something, go get It. At the point when a man In his circumstance, I don't have the foggiest idea what number of them feel miserable and going to surrender. At the point when he landed the Position, when he hold his child hand to his home. Material riches may not mean all the satisfaction, he and his children experience during this troublesome time recoveries is his most noteworthy asset.What I am attempting to state Is never surrender, hold your fantasies until the last second In your life. So it would be ideal if you wear not let anybody take your fantasies, or attempt to disclose to you they are Impossible. On the off chance that you don't have dreams, proceed to discover your fantasies. On the off chance that you have dreams, holds them ensure them and let them work out as expected. It Is most joyful when you have dreams, particularly when dreams work out and influences your life. Dreams make your life rich and bright, brimming with daylight. Dreams will work out as expected some time or another never surrender!

Government Support of E-Business Essay

In this task I will clarify how the administration underpins the advancement of e-business and I will utilize guide to help my answers. Additionally I am going to create a self-awareness intend to help a person to plan for expanded utilization of business on the web. Government internet business guidelines about online business The E-trade Regulations apply to organizations which offer products or administrations to organizations or purchasers through various ways. These can incorporate however the web, by email or Short Message Service. Likewise the web based business guideline additionally incorporates commercial through the web, messages or SMS. The internet business guidelines don't cover organizations who publicize through direct showcasing by telephone or fax. The guidelines indicate the imperative data which organizations must provide for clients when you sell on the web. The guideline gives a few rules on publicizing and advancements. â€Å"Commercial communications† must: * Be unmistakably conspicuous thusly * Say for whose benefit they are sent * Clearly distinguish limited time offers and any passing conditions. Government support for online organizations The legislature right now offers free preparing and accommodating counsel to organizations who are adjusting to online business. Business Link is the government’s online asset for organizations. Business joins site is useful which furnishes people and organizations with guidance for setting up, financing and numerous different things. Government support for staff in an online business The administration underpins staff through furnishing representatives with basic preparing such IT, maths and English capabilities. Learn direct furnishes people with these capabilities helping them to maintain their online business. Additionally there is a guideline, for example, the buyer assurance separation selling guidelines which is a kind of insurance applied to products offered to a shopper by a person through telephone, mail request, the web and computerized TV. This guideline gives the option to get clear data about the merchandise and an assistance being given before the multi day cooling period is finished. Security and information insurance issues to be thought of A few issues should be thought of, the information assurance act 1988, this is a kind of law that secures the handling of individual data which is hung on recognizable people. Numerous organizations need to consent to this demonstration on the off chance that they have to process and handle their clients individual information, this implies the business must be open and not mysterious about the utilization of the significant information and ensure that they adhere to the specific standards for preparing the data. Organizations can get support for security and information insurance from the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform which the two offers online assistance and backing. How the Government has assisted with getting ready clients for an online activity of a business The administration has encouraged altogether to plan clients for the online activity of a business by furnishing them with direction from various government financed organizations, for example, business connect which is an extremely helpful site to use for organizations which are simply beginning on the web. Their site gives every business about everything which will bolster them with their initial not many long periods of exchange as an online business. Assignment 2-P7 Self-awareness plan-Unfamiliar issues when exchanging on the web What preparing is required? IT preparing, for example, Microsoft office for projects, for example, exceed expectations with the goal that solicitations and deals can be recorded on to a database. Microsoft word for any managerial letters can be made to convey to buyers and different organizations. Messages can be improved by telling the right method for the best way to address messages in a proper way, this well assistance to build the standard of correspondence between online client relations.  Microsoft standpoint for staying up with the latest with client orders and the everyday running of the organization, any significant notes and messages can be left safely on Microsoft viewpoint.  The organizations own product representatives must be told the best way to utilize any organization programming so they can hotspot for item data about any requests which gets through any worker can manage it and get it delivered out as fast as could be expected under the circumstances. Scanning for data on the web, this is essentially looking for the right data which can enable a business to do their work. For instance a home conveyance organization should look for clients addresses with the goal that they know where they are going. What will the worker do after they have finished the preparation? When the representative has finished the instructional classes they will turn out to be more multi gifted, this implies they will have the option to do different exercises inside the business and become increasingly certain when doing each activity as they will recognize what to do. What do I need to do to assist me with meeting this preparation need? The most significant explanation is to help every worker who is increasing additional preparation; this will make them progressively dedicated to complete their business to the best quality. To meet this preparation need all the courses should be organized so they don’t conflict with any significant gatherings or game plans. A specific number of workers must go to each class. To what extent will it take to finish the preparation? I imagine that the preparation will take a couple of months to finish, as the preparation could be spread out with the goal that every subject is canvassed in detail. How significant is it this for the business and its turn of events? This is essential to the business and for its improvement on the grounds that their degree of client support will increment because of workers comprehending what to do and customer’s requests can be managed in like manner. Scanning for item data for enquiries should effectively be possible as they will realize how to utilize the organization programming to look through the database. Whose help perhaps expected to guarantee that I am effective in my preparation? Business connection will be a decent help which will be required if the instructional classes are fruitful as they furnish you with additional data and counsel on what you can do straightaway. Additionally representatives will be acceptable backings as I am give instructional classes to their advantages and for them to turn out to be progressively fruitful in their work environment. They have to know why I am giving the instructional classes and how it will influence their work. What challenges may I need to defeat to have the option to complete this preparation? Representatives might not have any desire to go to the instructional classes so they won’t have the option to do any additional work. To defeat this I may need to publicize the instructional classes and individuals who need to learn additional aptitudes can go to the courses. In ready to complete the preparation it might need to be in employee’s save time as the organization will most likely be unable to suit these courses during the working day as there won’t be sufficient staff there to do the everyday exercises. End Generally speaking in this task I have clarified how the administration underpins the improvement of e-business, I have given a few guides to help each point. Likewise I have created a self-awareness intend to enable a person to get ready for the expansion utilization of e-business. Book reference http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/activity/detail?itemId=1075385095&type=RESOURCES http://www.learndirect.co.uk/about/about-who/what-we-do/ Force focuses on Moodle Richards, Catherine; Dransfield, Rob; Goymer, John. BTEC Level 3 National Business, Book 1. Harlow, Essex, GBR: Pearson Education Limited, 2010. p 421. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/yeovil/Doc?id=10386311&ppg=431 Copyright  © 2010. Pearson Education Limited. All rights saved.

New SAT 2018-2019 Dates and Deadlines (US International)

The SAT is a nationally administered standardized college admissions exam taken by many students worldwide for entry into Undergraduate Programs at prestigious Universities. The SAT is offered seven times a year, and you should keep track of the upcoming exam dates and deadlines to align your preparation strategy accordingly. For those of you who missed taking the exam on June 3, 2018, the College Board has already released the dates and deadlines for the upcoming year (2018-2019). Typically, the SAT is conducted on Saturdays and the registration deadlines, kept 3-4 weeks before the exam, expire at 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time, U.S. Most test takers appear for the SAT in the summer of their junior year and then once again in the fall of their senior year. We recommend taking the exam twice for most takers so that they can apply with the best score possible. SAT 2018-2019 Dates and Deadlines (US) (scroll down for International Dates*) SAT Date Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline Deadline for Changes August 25, 2018 July 27, 2018 August 7, 2018 (Mailed registration) August 15, 2018 (Online and Phone registration) August 15, 2018 October 6, 2018 September 7, 2018 September 18, 2018 (Mailed registration) September 26, 2017(Online and Phone registration) September 26, 2018 November 3, 2018 October 5, 2018 October 16, 2018 (Mailed registration) October 24, 2018 (Online and Phone registration) October 24, 2018 December 1, 2018 November 2, 2018 November 13, 2018 (mailed registration) November 20, 2018 (Online and Phone registration) November 20, 2018 March 9, 2019 February 8, 2019 February 19, 2019 (Mailed registration) February 27, 2019 (Online and Phone registration) February 27, 2019 May 4, 2019 April 5, 2019 April 16, 2019 (Mailed registration) April 24, 2019 (Online and Phone registration) April 24, 2019 June 1, 2019 May 3, 2019 May 14, 2019 (Mailed registration) May 22, 2019 (Online and Phone registration) May 22, 2019    As mentioned above, the cut-off for these deadlines are 11:59 pm, Eastern Time, US. We urge students not to wait for the final deadlines for registration. If you are sure about taking the SAT, go ahead and register yourself as early as possible. Registering early allows you to have a set target date in mind and pace your preparation accordingly. SAT 2017-2018 Dates and Deadlines (International) SAT Date Early Registration via representative Registration Deadline Deadline for Changes October 6, 2018 August 22, 2018 September 7, 2018 September 26, 2018 December 1, 2018 October 17, 2018 November 2, 2018 November 20, 2018 March 9, 2019 January 23, 2019 February 8, 2019 February 27, 2019 May 4, 2019 March 20, 2019 April 5, 2019 April 24, 2019 The registration deadlines for international students (students outside US) also expire at 11:59 p.m. EST (US). International test takers should take note that there is no late registration allowed for international testing. Also, the exam is offered only four times, so make sure that you target one of these exam windows. Also find information about SAT 2018-19 Subject Tests Dates and Deadlines  here. Want to Prepare for SAT without any cost? Register on QS LEAP and practice from over 900 questions. For more details, visit Also find information about SAT 2018-19 Subject Tests Dates and Deadlines  here.

Profile of Michael Skakel - Part One

Michael Skakel: Michael Skakel should have had it all - wealth, security, friends in high places, but something went terribly wrong. Being a nephew to the Kennedy clan failed to protect him from himself and problems for Michael started early. In an autobiography proposal that he was trying to sell to a publisher, Skakel described his rage, his learning disability, alcoholism and sibling jealousy. Twenty-seven years later, a jury decided that his personal demons led him to bludgeon 15-year-old Martha Moxley to death with a golf club. Silver Spoons: Michael Skakel was born on October 19, 1960 to Rushton and Anne Skakel. He was the middle son of six siblings and grew up in a large home in the gated wealthy community of Belle Haven in Greenwich, Conn. Rushton Skakel Sr., the brother of Ethel Skakel Kennedy, who was married to the late Robert F. Kennedy, was chairman of the Great Lakes Carbon Corp. The Skakels were part of Americas elite, enjoying an exclusive place in society, wealth, and a home in one of the richest towns in the U.S. Anne Skakel: In 1973 Anne Skakel died from cancer. Michael was 12 years old and devastated at the loss of his mother. Anne was a central part of his life and Michael blamed himself for her death, pointing at his poor attention to his prayers as the reason. The balance that Anne had kept inside the Skakel household was gone and a kind of sibling chaos took over. Rushton Skakel spent much of his time at work, leaving the kids on their own or with hired tutors or live-in sitters. Michaels Miserable School Years: Michael was a terrible student, suffering from undiagnosed dyslexia. His father was constantly lecturing him on improving his study skills. He flunked out of numerous private schools and by the age of 13 he was a self described, full-blown daily-drinking alcoholic. Danger Signs: As a kid, Michael had earned the reputation as being violent and quick to lose his temper. He also was known for torturing and killing birds and squirrels then displaying them in an almost ritualistic way. His quick temper and spoiled nature effected his relationship with the neighborhood kids and often parents would disapprove of their children associating with the volatile Skatel boys. Brotherly Rivalry: Tommy, Michaels older brother, was more popular and had a way with the neighborhood girls. According to Mark Furhmans book, Murder in Greenwich there was a strong rivalry between the two brothers, with Tommy often coming out on the top. This was especially difficult for Michael to accept when he found himself attracted to the same girls as his brother. The Murder of Martha Moxley: In October 1975, Tommy and Michael became suspects in the murder of 15-year-old Martha Moxley, a friend and neighbor of the boys. It was mischief night the night before Halloween, and Martha Moxley and friends were out spraying shaving cream and ringing doorbells before stopping over at the Skakels. Martha left the Skakels for home between 9:30 and 11:00 p.m. but never made it. The Golf Club: The following day her bludgeoned body was found under a tree in her yard. Her jeans were pulled down, but no evidence of a sexual assault was found. The weapon, an expensive Toney Penna golf club, was found with a shattered shaft, with a jagged piece of it lodged in Marthas neck. Investigators traced the club to a set belonging the boys deceased mother, Anne Skakel. The Alibi: This discovery put the prime focus on the Skakel household. After interviewing Marthas friends, including the Skakels, the police ruled out Michael Skakel as a suspect because he was at a friends house during the time Martha was murdered. Tommy Skakel and a newly hired tutor, Ken Littleton,who was living at the Skakel home, remained on the top of the suspect list, but no arrests were made in the case. The Drinking Problem: Michaels daily drinking escalated and in 1978 he was arrested in New York for driving while intoxicated. In an agreement with the state to drop the charges, Michael was sent off to Elan School in Poland Spring, Maine where he was treated for alcoholism. Primal Screaming: The Elan School had a series of group therapy and private sessions where students were encouraged to participate in primal screaming and come clean about incidents in their lives which caused them guilt and sorrow. It was during this time at Elan that Michael supposedly admitted to his father and members of the Elan staff that he was involved in Martha Moxleys murder, (a point now denied by his attorney). Sobriety: After Michael left Elan, he continued to battle his alcoholism, entering different rehabilitation centers. In his early 20s he began living a sober life. He was diagnosed with dyslexia and entered Curry College in Massachusetts which focused on students with learning disabilities. After his graduation he married golf pro, Margot Sheridan and spent much of his time preparing and competing in speed skiing events. William Kennedy Smith: In 1991, the Moxley investigation was reopened after rumors circulated during the trial of William Kennedy Smith, that William was at the Skakel home on the night Moxley was murdered. The press was also interested in the case and many of the original principals were interviewed. Although the rumor of Smiths presence in the home proved to false, the public eye was once again focusing in on the Skakel boys, Tommy and Michael.

Is It Possible That We Focus Too Much On Heightening...

3. Alternate #3 – Is it possible that we focus too much on heightening children’s self-esteem? Are there any hazards? Describe them and suggest alternatives. I believe it is possible that we focus too much on heightening children’s self-esteem. From my perspective, I would only heightening children’s self-esteem to build self-confidence, help children to be able to discover their true identity, and prevent negativity of children’s self-worth. The hazards could be the result of children to become too self-love, or become arrogant, which could be hard for children to critically evaluate themselves. In other words, if children become too self-absorbed with themselves, this could become a disadvantage to not be able to identify mistakes. The alternative would be to teach children what self-esteem means, to keep an open mind to be able to accept themselves and how their actions could positively and negatively affect them. Another way to think of this is to have an equal balance of self-esteem and the worth of others as a community. 4. You are a supervisor/business owner/administrator and are making an important hiring decision. Why would understanding Rotter’s concept of locus of control be helpful? Go beyond the obvious here. Look at the ups and downs of each. The way I would define locus of control is how one feels about a topic, situation, themselves, etc. to their response behavior. I fingered out locus of control is how one’s attitude affects their behavior. ForShow MoreRelatedEffects of Computer Addiction to the Interpersonal Relationship of the Students3303 Words   |  14 Pagesexplore the extent to which social factors, defined in terms of interpersonal communication variables, are associated with what is referred to as Computer addiction among College of Computer Studies Students at Lyceum of the Philippines University-Laguna. We also want to determine if age, gender, marital status, and family income, moderate the relationships between communication variables and Internet utilization. The Lyceum of the Philippines - Laguna (Formerly Lyceum Institute of Technology) was incorporatedRead MoreEssay on Americas War on Drugs5842 Words   |  24 PagesMovement is focusing its attentions on marijuana and children. Nancy Reagan makes her famous â€Å"Just say No!† speech and President Reagan makes marijuana a top priority. Upon examining the relationship between marijuana use and violent crime, the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse concluded, â€Å"Rather than inducing violent or aggressive behavior through its purported effects of lowering inhibitions, weakening impulse control and heightening aggressive tendencies, marihuana was usually foundRead MoreUnderstanding And Report The Signs Of Workplace Violence10320 Words   |  42 Pages Understand Report the Signs of Workplace Violence An important presentation for all employees of The ABC Company Self-Study Student Workbook Table of Contents Why Take this Course 4 Defining the Workplace 5 What is Workplace Violence? 5 What is Workplace Violence? 6 The High Price of Workplace Violence 7 True or False? 7 Occupational Risk Factors 8 Occupational Groups Most at Risk 9 Prevention Strategies 10 Risk Factors Where I Work 11 Assessing Risk Factors:Read Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 PagesLearning Founda ­ n tions (Volume 2). This publication is the second of a three-volume series designed to im ­ rove early learning and p develop ­ ent for California’s preschool m children. Young children are naturally eager to learn. However, not all of them enter kindergarten ready for school. All too often, children are already lagging behind their classmates, and this circumstance can impede their continued learning and development long past kindergarten. High-quality preschool teachingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesis professor of project management at the College of Business, Oregon State University. He teaches executive, graduate, and undergraduate courses on project management, organizational behavior, and leadership. His research and consulting activities focus on project management. He has published numerous articles on matrix management, product development, and project partnering. He has been honored with teaching awards from both the Oregon State University MBA program and the University of Oregon ExecutiveRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesof Environmental Transitions †¢ Richard P. Tucker 315 About the Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of the customary measures we deploy to demarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several

Significance of Working Capital Management-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the about the significance of working Capital Management in an Organization. Answer: Introduction: This report has been presented to analyze the concept of working capital management in an organization. This report depicts the user about the significance of working capital management in an organization. For conducting this report, a literature review has been done over the finance and working capital of the company to manage the funds and capability of the company as well. For conducting this research, many aspects which are related to working capital management of an organization has been studied and analyzed that what are the factors which could enhance the working capital management of the company and at the same time, what factors are there to diminish the management of working capital of a company. For a practical understanding, process of application of working capital management into a company has been analyzed so that the concept of working capital management could be understood in a better manner. Further, for this report, many other aspects have also been analyzed to make a better research proposal. Literature review has been done over the working capital management to describe the depth knowledge to the user about the working capital management (Bierman and Smidt, 2012). For conducting this research, Panasonic manufacturing Malaysia has been taken into consideration. Working capital management of Panasonic manufacturing Malaysia has been researched and additionally, it has also been analyzed through this study over the company that how this concept could help the company to manage its operations, reduce the cost, manage the short term obligation of the company, maximum utilization of minimum resources etc. Company overview: Panasonic Malaysia is operating its business in the Malaysian market as a subsidiary of Panasonic Asia pacific limited. This company contains its functioning in various businesses such as the wholesale business, import business, electrical business, manufacturing business, telecom business, electrical supplies business and electronics business, insurance products business and home appliances business. Formerly, this company used to recognize as Panasonic Asia pacific (Annual Report, 2016). Afterward, changes have made into the name of the company in 2005 and now, this company is recognized as Panasonic Malaysia. Currently, the head office of the company is in Selangor Darul Ehsan (Annual Report, 2016). Through analyzing over the annual report of the company, it has been founded that the performance of the company is enhancing rapidly from last few years. A depth study has been performed over the financial factors of the company and it has been found that there are various factors which could make an impact over the operations of the company. More, it has also been observed that the strategies adopted by the company from last 2 years are helping the company a lot to manage every financial and working capital aspect (Wood, Wrigley and Coe, 2016). Working capital management: Working capital management describes about the managerial accounting strategy of a company which is designed to utilize and monitor the two aspects of working capital which are current assets and current liabilities, for ensuring the most financially competent operation of the organization. The main purpose of WCM (working capital management) is to make the user sure that the company maintains sufficient flow of cash always to meet its short-term debt obligations and short term operation cost. Conventionally, bankers, investors and creditors have depicted the working capital as a significant element to observe, as significant as the position of the company in terms of finance is portrayed in the final financial statement and the shown profitability in the statement of profit and loss of the company. It is a computation over the efficiency of the company and financial health for short term. Working capital is a part of the capital of the company which is requisite for funding current assets like debtors, inventories and cash marketable securities (Ruddik, 2015). Working capital is the excess amount of current assets over the current liabilities of the company which calculates the extent to that it could investment any growth in revenue from other sources of funding. Funds therefore, invested in short term assets keep rotating and are constantly transferred into cash. This cash flow could be used again in replacement of other current assets. Due to this, the WC is also known as circulating or revolving capital. Formula for Working Capital: "Current Assets Current Liabilities" (Reifschneider et al, 2013) In the Panasonic Malaysia case, working capital management has been evaluated to make sure the competent business functioning of the company. Net working capital refers to a liquidity calculation that intends to find out the capability of the company to make the payments for current assets with current liabilities. It is very important to measure working capital because this is vital information for stakeholders like shareholders, vendors and creditors as it clearly brings out the picture of the companys short term liquidity as well as enhances the optimum utilization of assets. If a company is not able to meet its present commitments with current assets, it will automatically become mandatory to utilize its long-term assets, to make the payments for present obligations. This may result in decreased rate of operations and might in fact be an indicator of very severe financial and organizational problems. The objective of working capital management is to make sure that an entity is ab le to carry on with its operations and that it comprises of enough capacity to satiate both the short term and future expenses that are operational in nature. Working Capital may be improved by increasing the revenue, preferred stock issuing, substituting short term with long term debt, being long term assets for cash and many more. Working capital can be increased with the help of working capital management. Working capital management of the company is quite competent as when the turnover of the company has been enhanced, company has also enhanced its working capital so that the short term debt obligation of the company could be met and at the same time maximum utilization of minimum resources could be done. Working capital 587.0 554.0 503.0 The formula for calculating net working capital for a particular financial year is Current Assets Current Liabilities. Working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets. Current assets consist of components like marketable securities, cash, accounts receivable, inventory and other short-term assets to be used within the year. Current liabilities constitutes of components like the current portion of long-term debt and the accounts payable. The ultimate component of working capital management is inventory or stock management. In to operate with the highest possible efficiency and continue with a higher value of working capital, a firm needs to critically balance sufficient stock on hand to match up with the needs of the customer while ignoring inventory that is not needed to tie up working capital for a longer time period before. Regular checking of the inventory turnover ratio help firms to measure with what rate of efficiency the balance is maintai ned. Calculation of the inventory turnover ratio by dividing the revenue with the cost of the inventory shows how quickly a company's inventory is being replenished after it is sold. A relatively low inventory turnover ratio in comparison to other industries in the same field reveals levels of the inventory are extremely high, while a ratio that is relatively high tells that there is still scope for improvement in terms of ordering of inventory. Working capital is also sometimes known as circulating or short term capital because the funds that are invested in result in cash and thus generates a cash flow which is again used for current assets. The above table depict about the working capital of last 3 year. Through analysis over the annual report of the company, it has been found that the working capital is 587 currently of the company which was 554 in past year. Through this analysis, it has been evaluated that company has increased amount of current assets whereas the current liab ilities of the company has been reduced in 2016. But the growth rate of short term asset is quite lesser than the current liabilities decrement rate (Odell, 2014). It has been evaluated that company has administered the working capital and enhance the amount of working capital to maximum utilization o653f minimum resources. It is obligated for the Panasonic Malaysia to evaluate the market condition and make a batter decision about the working capital of the company accordingly. Currently, this firm has managed the working capital more efficiently by enhancing the amount of current assets and by deducting the amount of current liabilities. This strategy would help the firm to diminish the risk and at the same time, through it, Panasonic would also be able to administer the capital for a short period which would aid the firm to supervise the short term responsibility and companys production (Parrino, Kidwell and Bates, 2011). Additionally, companys business functioning could also get affected because of it. Further, it has also been evaluated for the future opinion that if the firm do not have proficient fund to convene the future view than company is suggested to make few changes into its structure of working capital. Current assets Cash Cash and cash equivalents 602 602 576 Short-term investments 0 5 0 Total cash 603 607 576 Inventories 50 44 48 Other current assets 117 111 64 Total current assets 770 761 688 Current liabilities Taxes payable 1 9 7 Other current liabilities 182 198 178 Total current liabilities 183 207 185 (Annual Report, 2016) Here, it could be suggested to the company to manage the working capital by enhancing the current assets and by making the changes into the current liabilities accordingly. It would help the company to decrease the risk as well as through it; company would be able to manage the capital for short term which would assist the organization to manage the short term obligation and production of the company (Gambacorta and Signoretti, 2014). Further, business functioning of the company also gets affected due to it. Factors: Following are some of the factors which affect the working capital of the company: Nature of business: Normally, the working capital is quite higher in the production companies in comparison of other industries such as service industry. In case of Panasonic, it has been found that this company is a production company thus the required working capital is quite higher (Romney et al, 2006). Volume of sales: Volume of sales also makes an impact over the working capital. Lesser the volume of sales, lesser the working capital is required. It has been analyzed that turnover of the company has been enhanced in 2016 and thus the working capital of the company has also been enhanced (Bandy, 2013). Seasonality: Season also make an impact over the level of working capital. In season time, more working capital is required. In case of Panasonic, the business functioning of the company depends over the season. Thus the working capital is required to be changed by the company all over the year. Length of operating and cash cycle: Further, it has been analyzed that cash cycle and operations length also makes an impact over the working capital of the company. In case of Panasonic, the business functioning and cash cycle of the company does not depend over the season. Thus the similar working capital is required by the company all over the year (Romney et al, 2006). Significance of working capital management: Further, it has been analyzed that following are some of significance to the company due to manage a better working capital for the operations and short term debt obligation of the company: The working capital management efficiency could be calculated through a diversity of ratios and methods. Typically, financial analysts evaluate the cycle of working capital and other ratios of working capital against company`s peers of industry benchmarks. The most usually used ratios and evaluates over the current ratio, sales outstanding days, inventory outstanding days and payables outstanding days (Kurov and Stan, 2016). Higher return on capital: Companies which have a lower working capital, most probably offer a high return to its stakeholders so that the stakeholders would take advantage from a high return for every penny invested in the firm. In case of PANASONIC Malaysia, it has been found that the working capital amount has been enhanced by the company to manage the business functioning of the company. Improved credit profile and solvency: Working capital management offers an idea to maintain the risk profile and long term solvency of the company. Working capital management would permits a business to maintain its short term obligation which contains the salaries, raw material and other operating expenses of the company (Kiran Singh, 2014). In case of Panasonic, it has been found that the working capital amount has been managed by the company in such a term that entire factors of short term obligation could be managed as well as the business functioning could take place smoothly. Higher profitability: Account payable management and account receivable management is important driver of a company to manage the profitability condition of the company. It has been analyzed through this study that company has managed the debtor and creditor both amount to manage the working capital of the company. Higher liquidity: Huge amount of cash and cash equivalents could be tied with working capital thus a company is required to manage the efficiency of working capital to take the benefits of additional liquidity and external financing. Higher liquidity is required especially for the small businesses; it has been analyzed through conducting a study over Panasonic that company is required to manage the higher liquidity (Borio, 2014). Increased business value: Business value is the main concept of an organization. The more the business value of the company, the more the company would be able to achieve the goals and objectives quickly. It has been analyzed through this study that for managing the business value, it is required by a business to manage the short term and long term debt obligation. For managing the short term obligation of the company, it is required to manage the working capital of the company. It has been analyzed through a study that if working capital is managed by the company efficiently and with effectiveness than it becomes easy for them to manage the business value of the company (Airaudo et al, 2015). In case of Panasonic, it has been analyzed that with the better management of the working capital management the business value of Panasonic has been analyzed and this has taken place due to a better management of short term debt obligation by the company (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2015). Favorite financing condition: Favourite financing condition is the concept where an organization plays a significant role and adopts many strategies to achieve the goal of the organization. If an organization get succeed to achieve its financing condition than it becomes easy for the organization to run its functioning. The more the financing condition of the company is favourable, the more the company would be able to achieve the goals and objectives quickly ((Deegan, 2013). It has been analyzed through this study that for managing the financing condition, it is required by a business to manage the short term and long term debt obligation. For managing the short term obligation of the company, it is required to manage the working capital of the company. It has been analyzed through a study that if working capital is managed by the company efficiently and with effectiveness than it becomes easy for them to achieve the favourite financing condition. In case of Panasonic, it has been analyzed that with the better management of the working capital management the favourite financing condition of Panasonic has been analyzed and this has taken place due to a better management of short term debt obligation by the company. Competitive advantages: Competitive advantage condition is the best concept for an organization to manage the non financial factor of the company. Competitive advantages are crucial element of an organization which plays a significant role and also help the organization to achieve the goal of the organization. If an organization get succeed to achieve its competitive advantages than it becomes easy for the organization to run its functioning and grab the more market share in the marketplace (Jaumotte, Lall and Papageorgiou, 2013). The more the financing and non financing condition of the company is favourable, the more the company would be able to achieve the goals and objectives quickly. It has been analyzed through this study that for managing the competitive advantages in terms of financing and non financing condition, it is required by a business to manage the short term and long term debt obligation. For managing the short term obligation of the company, it is required to manage the working capital of the company. It has been analyzed through a study that if working capital is managed by the company efficiently and with effectiveness than it becomes easy for them to achieve the competitive advantage in the market place. In case of Panasonic, it has been analyzed that with the better management of the working capital management helps the company, Panasonic to become more competitive and it has also been analyzed that this has taken place due to a better management of short term debt obligation by the company (Odell, 2014). Uninterrupted production: Uninterrupted financing condition is the concept where an organization plays a significant role and adopts many strategies to manage the production of the company. If an organization get succeed to manage the production and its business condition than it becomes easy for the organization to run its functioning (Parrino, Kidwel and Bates, 2011). The more the production take place without any interruption of the company is favourable, the more the company would be able to achieve the goals and objectives quickly (Grinblatt and Titman, 2016). It has been analyzed through this study that for managing the uninterrupted production, it is required by a business to manage the short term and long term debt obligation. For managing the short term obligation of the company, it is required to manage the working capital of the company (Horngren et al, 2005). It has been analyzed through a study that if working capital is managed by the company efficiently and with effectiveness than it becomes ea sy for them to achieve the favourite financing condition. In case of Panasonic, it has been analyzed that with the better management of the working capital management the uninterrupted production condition of Panasonic has been analyzed and this has taken place due to a better management of short term debt obligation by the company. Application of working capital management: It is crucial for every organization to understand that how the process of working capital management could be applied in the organization to maintain the better management of working capital. Application of working capital management depicts about the various applications and strategies through which the management of working capital could take place and perform a better functions and operations in terms of managing the financing and non financing condition of the company in a better manner (Gambacorta and Signoretti, 2014). Through analyzing the study over the application of working capital management, it has been found that following are the ways through which working capital process could be applied in the organization: Hedging or matching approach: Hedging process is one of the process through which the process of working capital could be applied in an organization. It is a procedure of matching the debt maturities according to the financial needs of the company. According to this approach, the maturity of source of fund which is used by the organization must be according to the assets nature and worth which is to be financed (Wood, Wrigley and Coe 2016). Matching approach is another name of this approach. This strategy suggests the user about the requirement of working capital that the working capital which is required permanently must be financed by the company through long term finance source whereas the working capital which is required on temporary basis could be financed through short term funds of the company (Gitman and Zutter, 2012). Figure: Hedging approach to asset financing (Source: Gitman and Zutter, 2012) The conservative approach: Hedging process is one of the process through which the process of working capital could be applied in an organization. It is a procedure of matching the debt maturities according to the financial needs of the company. According to this approach, the maturity of source of fund which is used by the organization must be according to the long term assets worth which is to be financed (Gal, 2015). Conservative approach suggests the user about the requirement of working capital that the whether the working capital which is required permanently or temporary must be financed by the company through long term finance source and the short term funds of the company must be retained by the management to meet emergency requirement. This approach further depict that the risk must be minimized and liquidity of the organization must be greater. In this approach, the financing cost is quite more as organization is required to pay the interest even in the off season. Figure: Conservative approach to asset financing (Source: Gali, 2015) The Aggressive approach: Aggressive process is one of the process through which the process of working capital could be applied in an organization. It is a procedure of matching the debt maturities according to the financial needs of the company. According to this approach, the maturity of source of fund which is used by the organization must be according to the assets nature and worth which is to be financed (Fulin, 2011). Aggressive approach suggests the user about the requirement of working capital that the working capital which is required permanently or temporary must be financed by the company through short term finance source. This approach further depict that the risk might be maximum but the cost must be minimum and this approach is more profitable as organization is required to pay the interest only in the peak season. Figure: Aggressive approach to asset financing (Source: Fulin, 2011) Thus through the above discussion, it has been found that conservative approach is quite less risky but the profits are also less in this approach whereas the aggressive approach is quite more risky but the profits are also high in this approach at the same time, hedging approach is the combination of these both approaches as in this approach is risk and profitability both are balanced (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). Through conducting a study over Panasonic Malaysia, it has been found that company make the changes in the working capital according to the market condition, in peak season the working capital of the company is high and at the time of off season, the level of working capital is less, further, it has been analyzed that liquidity position of the company is balanced so the company is following the matching approach. Difficulties in managing the working capital: Further, it has been analyzed that following are some of the issues which could be faced by the company in managing the working capital: Identifying the optimal required working capital Choosing the best approach Analyzing over related aspects Management intervention Government intervention (Fernandes et al, 2014) Literature review: Working capital management describes about the managerial accounting strategy of a company which is designed to utilize and monitor the two aspects of working capital which are current assets and current liabilities, for ensuring the most financially competent operation of the organization. The main purpose of WCM (working capital management) is to make the user sure that the company maintains sufficient flow of cash always to meet its short-term debt obligations and short term operation cost (Shapiro, 2005). Fernandes et al, (2014) depicted that there are various factors which make an impact over the working capital management of the company: Length of operating and cash cycle, Seasonality, Volume of sales and Nature of business. further, it has been argued by Brigham and Ehrhardt, (2013) that there are various significances of working capital management which are Higher return on capital, Improved credit profile and solvency, Higher profitability, Higher liquidity, Increased business value, Favourite financing condition, Competitive advantages and Uninterrupted production (Du and Girma, 2009). Further a research from Du and Girma, (2009) has been studied and found that there are various approaches which could help the company to manage the working capital. Hedging, conservative and aggressive approaches help the company to manage the working capital. conservative approach is quite less risky but the profits are also less in this approach whereas the aggressive approach is quite more risky but the profits are also high in this approach at the same time, hedging approach is the combination of these both approaches as in this approach is risk and profitability both are balanced. Conclusion Through conducting this report, it has been analyzed that Panasonic is performing very well in terms of managing the working capital. It has been found through analyzing over the Panasonic, it has been found that entire benefits of a good management over working capital is enjoyed by the company. Further, it has been found that company make the changes in the working capital according to the market condition, in peak season the working capital of the company is high and at the time of off season, the level of working capital is less, further, it has been analyzed that liquidity position of the company is balanced so the company is following the matching approach. Thus it could be concluded that the performance of the company is quite satisfactory in terms of working capital. Panasonic is performing very well in terms of managing the working capital. It has been found through analyzing over the Panasonic, it has been found that entire benefits of a good management over working capital is enjoyed by the company. Post report reflection: This report has been performed by me to analyze the concept of working capital management in an organization. It has been analyzed by me that the significance of working capital management in quite high in Panasonic. For conducting this report, a literature review has been done by me over the finance and working capital of the company to manage the funds and capability of the company as well. For conducting this research, many aspects which are related to working capital management of an organization has been studied and analyzed that what are the factors which could enhance the working capital management of the company and at the same time, what factors are there to diminish the management of working capital of a company. This report was quite impressive for me and many new points and facts have been analyzed by me through this study, this study is quite impressive and after conducting this study, my knowledge about working capital management has been enhanced on a great level. It is also beneficial for me in my future. Working capital is the most important element for managing the short term finance of the company. Thus it could be said that this was one of the best experience for me to conduce this research References: Airaudo, M., Nistic, S. and Zanna, L.F., 2015. Learning, monetary policy, and asset prices. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 47(7), pp.1273-1307. Annual Report. 2016. STO. Viewed as on 2 Aug from https://pmma.panasonic.com.my/wp-content/uploads/ar2016.pdf Bandy, G. 2013. Financial management and accounting in the public sector. Oxon: Routledge. Bierman Jr, H. and Smidt, S., 2012. The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge. Borio, C., 2014. The financial cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?. Journal of Banking Finance, 45, pp.182-198. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013. Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Du, J. and Girma, S., 2009. Source of finance, growth and firm size: evidence from China (No. 2009.03). Research paper/UNU-WIDER. Fernandes, D., Lynch Jr, J.G. and Netemeyer, R.G., 2014. Financial literacy, financial education, and downstream financial behaviors. Management Science, 60(8), pp.1861-1883. Fulin, S. 2011. Preface by SHANG Fulin. Corporate Governance of Listed Companies in China, 9-10. Gal, J., 2015. Monetary policy, inflation, and the business cycle: an introduction to the new Keynesian framework and its applications. Princeton University Press. Gambacorta, L. and Signoretti, F.M., 2014. Should monetary policy lean against the wind?: An analysis based on a DSGE model with banking. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 43, pp.146-174. Gitman, L.J. and Zutter, C.J., 2012. Principles of managerial finance. Prentice Hall. Grinblatt, M. and Titman, S., 2016. Financial markets corporate strategy. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Stratton, W.O., Burgstahler, D. and Schatzberg, J., 2005. Introduction to management accounting. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Jaumotte, F., Lall, S. and Papageorgiou, C., 2013. Rising income inequality: technology, or trade and financial globalization?. IMF Economic Review, 61(2), pp.271-309. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015. Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Kiran, R. S., Singh, V. K. 2014. How to make the financial analysis an easy task A comparative analysis between the traditional and the modern approach? International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4(8), 61-66. Kurov, A. and Stan, R., 2016. Monetary Policy Uncertainty and the Market Reaction to Macroeconomic News: Evidence from the Taper Tantrum. Odell, J.S., 2014. US international monetary policy: Markets, power, and ideas as sources of change. Princeton University Press. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D.S. and Bates, T., 2011. Fundamentals of corporate finance. John Wiley Sons. Reifschneider, D., Wascher, W. and Wilcox, D.W., 2013. Aggregate supply in the United States: recent developments and implications for the conduct of monetary policy. Romney, M.B., Steinbart, P.J., Zhang, R. and Xu, G., 2006. Accounting information systems. Pearson Education. Shapiro, A.C., 2005. Capital budgeting and investment analysis. Prentice Hall. Wood, S., Wrigley, N. and Coe, N.M., 2016. Capital discipline and financial market relations in retail globalization: insights from the case of Tesco plc. Journal of Economic Geography, 17(1), pp.31-57.

Oedipus the King and Antigone free essay sample

Oedipus the King and Antigone were not written in chronological order of events within the stories; Antigone is actually the last play. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus has fathered four children with his wife who is also his mother. Oedipus has killed his father just as it was prophesized. Oedipus is banished from the city and Creon is now the ruler. In the beginning of Antigone, it is relayed that Antigone, along with her sister Ismene, are the sole surviving children of Oedipus. Their brothers, Polyneices and Eteocles, have recently been killed in a battle where they fought on opposing sides. This essay will identify the binary oppositions within the two plays. According to Corey Marvin, binary oppositions simply describe a pair of theoretical opposites or thematic contrasts (1). Binary oppositions are prevalent throughout the play including blindness versus sight, male versus female, and ignorance versus wisdom. Sophocles was the second of three ancient Greek tragedians whose work has survived. We will write a custom essay sample on Oedipus the King and Antigone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most famous of Sophocles tragedies are Oedipus and Antigone, which are known as the Theban plays. Sophocles was a, fifth -century Athenian prided himself on the fact that he was a fully responsible and active citizen (Knox 25). Sophocles was greatly involved in political issues within his city. As a man, Sophocles was awarded this luxury; woman however were excluded from the operations of democracy, and were not involved in any of the acknowledged fields of cultural productions (Blundell 97). Women were not offered the same experiences as men within that time. Antigone written around the end of the Persian war, reflects the lack of status women had in the Greek society (Knox 27). Womens opinions did not matter, especially in political affairs. They were viewed as a mans possession. Blundell describes the role women had within the classical age: Women, were excluded from the operations of democracy, and were not involved in any of the acknowledge fields of cultural production (97). Greek society did not value women; they were not included in decisions or political issues.Another play Sophocles wrote is Oedipus the King. Sophocles story of Oedipus is parallel to the Peloponnesian War. Oedipus a strong, intelligent man is ultimately his own destroyer (Knox 131). Oedipus and the Athens are parallel in a sense they both are their own destroyer. Oedipus persistence and Athens greed is what ultimately destroy both. Athens lost the Peloponnesian war to the Spartans. As Knox states, Oedipus tracks down and identifies the criminal – who turns out to be himself (131). Oedipus and Athens persistence to knowledge and persistence to conquer is their demise.The prominent binary opposition in Oedipus the King is blindness versus sight. Blindness versus sight in the play Oedipus the King is prevalent throughout the play. As Knox points out,The voice of destiny in the play is the Oracle of Apollo.Through his priest at Delphi, Apollo told Laius that he would bekilled by his own son, and later told Oedipus that he would kill hishis father and marry his mother. At the beginning of the playApollo tells Creon that Thebes will be saved from the plague onlywhen the murderer of Laius is found and expelled. This Delphicoracle, which for modern poets- Yeats, for example-can con-jure up mystic romantic visions, was, for Sophocles and hisaudience, a fact of life, an institution as present and solidas uncompromising (and sometimes infuriating) as the Vatican is forus. (134-135)This is the prophecy that Oedipus was given by the oracle. The oracle in those days was equivalent to the Holy See, the governing body of the Catholic church, consisting of the Pope and the Roman Curia. The Oracle is as important as the Pope is to Catholics. Tiresias is a blind prophet that foretells the future. Oedipus who went to visit Tiresias to seek help for his city is told the sad news; he is the murderer he seeks (413) Oedipus who can see, is unable to recognize that he himself has fulfilled the prophecy that has caused the plague within the city. Oedipus does not put together that he in fact murdered his father and married his mother. Oedipus starts to criticize Tiresias and mock his blindness: You lost your power stone-blind stone-deaf – senses, eyes blind as stone! (420-422) Oedipus believes that Tiresias is not a true Oracle who can see the future. Oedipus continues to insult Tiresias for his blindness calling him a fraud. (443) Tiresias responds to Oedipus, So you mock my blindness? Let me tell you this. You wish your precious eyes, youre blind to the corruption of your life, to the house you live in. Those you live with- who are your parents? Do you know? (468-473) Tiresias is telling Oedipus he does not know who he is, what he has done and who he is living with. Although Tiresias is blind, he sees the truth of Oedipus life. Oedipus who can see is ultimately blind to the truth.Another binary opposition is man versus woman. Antigone, one of the surviving daughters of Oedipus, is a rebellious woman. Antigone does not fit the mold of what a woman should be in those days: Women are expected to be domestic creatures, submissive, peaceful and instruments rather than the initiators of action (Barlow 160). Antigone is not submissive; she challenges authority. She is not an instrument, she speaks her mind, and is a woman of action. Ismene, Antigones sister, Ismene reminds her, Remember we are women, were not born to contend with men (74-75). Antigone has no remorse for defying the roles of women. Antigones brothers died in a battle against each other and only one is given a burial. Eteocles has been given full military honors (28). Polynices, who died miserably is left unwept, unburied, a lovely treasure for birds that scan the field and feast to their hearts content (31-35). One brother is buried while the other is left unburied and not honored. Antigone is not happy with this and vows to give her brother Polynices a burial. Her defiance is not what a woman is expected to do. Just as the Athenian woman, Antigone has no independent existence (Blundell 114). Antigone is not of value to Creon; he describes her as, a worthless woman for his son (644). Antigone is just a symbol of what her husband is; she is not seen as an individual but as a possession of a man.Men are held to be adventurous, dominant, and to be agents of action (Barlow 160). Haemon, Antigones husband is being told by his father, Creon, that his wife is a worthless woman. Haemon will not listen to his father and is fighting for his bride. Haemon is now viewed as a, womans slave (848) by his father Creon. Antigone and her husband Haemon do not fit the mold of what a woman and a man are in Ancient Greek society.Ignorance versus wisdom in Oedipus the King is another recognizable binary opposition. In the beginning of the play, Oedipus is viewed as having wisdom. Oedipus is able to solve the riddle of the Sphinx. Oedipus claim, the flight of my own intelligence hit the mark (453), he says, as he recalls his solution of the riddle of the Sphinx. (Knox 139) Oedipus views himself as an intelligent man who has wisdom. As the play continues Oedipus down fall is his persistence to find Laiuss murderer. Oedipus is ignorant to the fact he is the murderer. He proceeds to curse the murder, Whoever he is, a lone man unknow in his crime or one among many, let that man drag out his life in agony. (280) Oedipus has just cursed his self as well as his family. Creon in this play, is seen as having wisdom. Creon hints to Oedipus, this matter should be kept under wraps, to send for Tiresias, to pronounce the curse and sentence of banishment on the murderer of Laius. (Knox 140) Creon having the insight that Oedipus so blindly can not see is trying to advice the once intelligent king on what he should do. Oedipus learns of his ignorance when he realizes he has full filled the prophecy, murdering his father and marring his mother. (470-480) Tiresias may be blind but Apollo has gifted him with the power to see internally. Tiresias tells Oedipus the prophecy he foresees but Oedipus is too ignorant to listen. As Knox describes Oedipus as a persistent, courageous, and a hero of the play is thus his own destroyer. (131) Oedipus who the reader view as having wisdom is overcome by his arrogance and cockiness is essentially his own worse enemy.As we read Antigone the binary opposition of wisdom versus ignorance is seen within Creon, Tiresias, and Haemon. Creon is depicted as ignorant, which is the opposite of how he was portrayed in the play Oedipus the King. Haemon who is Creons son is depicted as having wisdom. Haemon advises his father, only the gods endow a man with reason. The finest of all their gifts, a treasure. Who ever thinks that he alone possesses intelligence the gift of eloquences, he an no one else and character too†¦ such men, its no disgrace for a man, even a wise man to learn many things and not to be too rigid. (765-796) Haemon is trying to tell his father Creon that it is not frowned upon to learn new things, and to admit he may have made a hasty decision and reverse it. Haemon desperately wants his father Creon to grow as a leader. Creon, a stubborn, king sees his sons words of wisdom as a challenge of his leadership and role as a king. Creon states, the city is the kings—thats the law! (825) Creon is asserting his dominance over Haemon. Haemon quickly reminds his father a king needs a city to rule. At the end of the play the Kings stubbornness and will to insert his dominance has lost his family. Creon was ignorant to think his actions would have no repercussions with his family. Although Haemon was viewed as just a boy, he had the ability to see what was best for the city giving him the wisdom as equivalent to an older man. Creon once viewed as a wise king, shows the world that of all the ills afflicting men the worst is lack of judgement. (123. 1371-1372) Creons son Haemon has committed suicide by falling unto his blade for the killing of his soon to be bride Antigone. Creons lack of judgement ultimately leads to the death of his son and his wife.Oedipus the King and Antigone are two Sophocles surviving plays of the Theban sage. Binary oppositions are prevalent throughout the play including blindness versus sight, male versus female and ignorance versus wisdom. Antigone reflects male versus female role within the play. Antigone is not a typical Greek woman and rebels against the stereotype of what a woman should be. Oedipus the King highlights the binary opposition of blindness versus sight. Oedipus a man who can physically see, is blind to the destruction he has created in his life. Tiresias, who is physically blind can see the truth of Oedipus life. Antigone and Oedipus the King both contain the binary oppositions of ignorance versus wisdom. In conclusion both plays possess binary oppositions within.Works CitedBarlow, Shirley A Stereotype and Reversal in Euripides Medea. Greece Rome, secondseries, vol 36, no 2, 1989, pp. 158-171.Blundell, Sue Women in Ancient Greece UP, 1995.Knox Bernard. Greece and the Theater. The Three Theban Plays. Antigone, Oedipus the King Oedipus at Colonus. By Sophocles, translated by Robert Fagles, Penguin,1984, pp 13-30Marvin, Corey. Understanding Binary Oppositions in Literature, Class handout: English 102. Cerro Coso Community College, 2018. Print.Sophocles, Antigone The Three Theban Plays: Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus,Translated by Robert Fagles, Penguin,1989, pp. 59-128

The Pros and Cons of Majoring in Journalism

The Pros and Cons of Majoring in Journalism So youre starting college (or going back after working awhile) and want to pursue a journalism career. Should you major in journalism? Take a few journalism courses and get a degree in something else? Or steer clear of j-school altogether? The Pros of Getting a Journalism Degree By majoring in journalism you get a solid foundation in the fundamental skills of the trade. You also get access to specialized, upper-level journalism courses. Want to be a sportswriter? A film critic? Many j-schools offer specialized classes in these areas. Most also offer training in the kind of multimedia skills that are increasingly in demand. Many also have internship programs for their students. Majoring in journalism also gives you access to mentors, namely the j-school faculty, who have worked in the profession and can offer valuable advice. And since many schools include faculty who are working journalists, youll have the chance to network with professionals in the field. The Cons of Getting a Journalism Degree Many in the news business will tell you that the basic skills of reporting, writing and interviewing are best learned not in a classroom, but by covering real stories for the college newspaper. Thats how many journalists learned their craft, and in fact, some of the biggest stars in the business never took a journalism course in their life. Also, journalists are increasingly being asked not just to be good reporters and writers, but to also have specialized knowledge in a particular field. So by getting a journalism degree, you may be  limiting your opportunity to do that, unless you plan on going to grad school. Lets say your dream is to become a foreign correspondent in France. Many would argue that youd be better served by studying French language and culture  while picking up the necessary journalism skills along the way. In fact, Tom, a friend of mine who became a Moscow correspondent for The Associated Press did just that: He majored in Russian studies in college, but put in plenty of time at the student paper, building up his skills and his clip portfolio. Other Options Of course, it doesnt have to be an all-or-nothing scenario. You could get a double major in journalism and something else. You could take just a few journalism courses. And theres always grad school. In the end, you should find a plan that works for you. If you want access to everything that a journalism school has to offer (mentors, internships, etc.) and want to take plenty of time to hone your journalism skills, then j-school is for you. But if you think you can learn how to report and write by jumping in headfirst, either by freelancing or working at the student paper, then you may be better served by learning your journalism skills on-the-job  and majoring in something else entirely. Whos More Employable? It all comes down to this: Whos more likely to get a journalism job after graduation, a journalism major or someone with a degree in another area? Generally, j-school grads may find it easier to land that first news job right out of college. Thats because the journalism degree gives employers a sense that the graduate has learned the fundamental skills of the profession. On the other hand, as journalists move forward in their careers and start to seek out more specialized and prestigious jobs, many find that a degree in an area outside of journalism gives them a leg up on the competition (like my friend Tom, who majored in Russian). Put another way, the longer youve been working in the news business, the less your college degree matters. What counts most at that point is your knowledge and job experience.

Customer Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Customer Service - Essay Example Having being ranked position one by business week magazines on March 2, 2009 on customer satisfaction that saw its sales surge by 18%, amazon customer service representative has to manage personal stress. They have experience working under pressure in a high-volume processing conditions while maintaining standards of consistency in both quality and productivity. Being able to manage stress is essential here since it helps deliver tactics, strategies and techniques to handle personal stress and burnout. It aids while dealing with pressures, frustrations and stress associated with work thus reducing the likelihood of burnout. To relieve stress, the customer service representatives should; think positively b avoiding over analyzing what customers and coworkers say as this may distort their perception. Developing new skills through training and working on communication skills as well as confronting a difficult customer or situation is important. Learning relaxation styles that are; deep breathing, meditation, taking break and involvement in humor helps in relieving stress. What to accomplish based on experience is to check the credibility of the claim and bring to notice to the customer the terms and conditions under which the company operates. It would help the client see whether the crutches would be refunded, repaired or exchanged for new ones. On my opinion since the guarantee period was over, the customer should be pay for new crutches. Failure to keep the receipt should also prevent even the replacement of the crutches if it were to be

Effect of Internet on Fraud and Identity Theft Essay

Effect of Internet on Fraud and Identity Theft - Essay Example The number of adult Americans with Internet access was expected to increase from about 88 million in mid-2000 to more than 104 million at the end of 2004. (Claburn, 2004)The Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce approximated that in the fourth quarter of 2000, online retail sales amounted to $8.686 billion, a boost of 67.1 per hundred from the 4th quarter of 1999. (Haeberle, 2004) Total e-commerce sales for 2000 were an approximated $25.8 billion, accounting for 0.8 percent of all sales. Bankers, for instance, who conduct online banking transactions are particularly vulnerable to fraud and identity theft (Sullins, 2006). Unfortunately, but not unexpectedly, the rise in e-commerce has become fertile ground for fraud, resulting in a loss of billions of dollars yearly worldwide (Bolton & Hand, 2002). Apparently, the fraudsters are quick to realize the potential of a new technology or system to propagate deception and identity theft, and early on exploit it to their benefit. Long-distance telemarketing became the channel of such criminal activity when it was first introduced in the 1970s. So too the pay-per-call service when it became accessible in the late 1980s. Internet technology is the newest attraction for opportunistic fraudsters who take advantage of it for personal gain. The problems facing law enforcers is the rapidly evolving techniques used by the fraudsters (Acoca, 2008). The rapid increase in the number of complaints associated with online deception and fraud bears this out: in 1997, the Commission obtained less than 1,000 Internet deception complaints; the following year, the number had expanded eight-fold. Although most Internet deceptions arise from customary scams, the variety of techniques ingeniously devised to exploit the new technology is quickly proliferating.  

The Simpsons as a typical sitcom Essay Example for Free

The Simpsons as a typical sitcom Essay Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical sitcom. Refer to a specific episode that you have watched to support your evaluation. The Simpsons confirm to some stereotypical sitcom genre stereotypes, but ultimately subvert them by proving to dysfunctional. A sitcom is a 30 minutes programme, which contains humour and different types of comedy. In this essay, I will evaluate the extant to which the episodes The Simpsons roasting on an open fire Sitcoms of the past showed the ideal family; always nuclear a mum, dad and kids. The dad was respected and it had a bread winner mum-housewife cooks and cleans with two kids, the son is mostly the clever one and the daughter follows in the footsteps on her mother. E.g. leave it to beaver and the Cosby show. Sitcoms are popular because they relate to real people, take the Simpsons as an example, Homer can relate to people that an unorganised an lazy people; Marge is a representation, responsible, hardworking housewife; in Lisa we can relate to nerdy person and through Bart can relate to people that are not very clever and like skate boarding and rock music. The Simpsons opening scene starts with the title effect which Christmas snow effect with jungle bells and at the start of the scene there are late to a special Christmas concert where they arrive there children will be singing and when they arrive we know that the parents are tired and Homer drives fast and hits the car at this opening scene is called The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire which we know that there will be trouble. It follows the traditional structure of sitcoms. It has an orientation when the family prepare for Christmas and it is going to be expensive which is the beginning of the story; a complication produces problems, which makes the audience laughs when Homer doesnt Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U.S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T.V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical sitcom. Refer to a specific episode that you have watched to support your evaluation. A sitcom is another word for situation comedy for example, Leave It to Beaver which was the first US sitcom in the 1950s. A sitcom is usually about a family consisting of dad, mum and two children. This is called a nuclear family. The situation or setting that the story takes place in is their home. Sitcoms are shown on TV and usually lasts for half an hour. It is a comedy and you can usually hear a live studio audience in the background. In the past, sitcoms always showed happy conventional white families who were always perfect. Dad was always the breadwinner and had a highly respectable job and the mother was always very attractive and happy to stay looking after the home and children. In Leave it to Beaver the son was a high achiever like the father and the daughter wanted to be a homemaker like mum. Sitcoms have changed over time because today mothers may now have careers and dads have to have respect for their wives just as they have respect for themselves. These days family problems are not hidden and people want to see realistic life-like situations in sitcoms. However although sitcoms started to show other families like a black family in The Cosby Show, they were still upper middle class. The Simpsons was the first sitcom to really show problems faced by working class families. Sitcoms are popular because all ages can watch it for fun and enjoyment; charaters of all ages provide someone for everyone to identify with. The Simpsons are even more popular because as an animation they can also have other celebrity characters such a Barry White and Michael Jacson. The Simpsons episode Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire had an opening sequence where the title came up through snowflakes and jingly music. We hear Marge speaking to Homer saying Oh slow down Homer! which shows she is worried. Homers response, We dont have time to slow down were late makes us think that he is stubborn, wanting things his way and that he doesnt think too much about the safety of his wife and baby. This opening sequence immediately lets us see that this family is not perfect but realistic. We can see from this episode that The Simpsons does follow the traditional narrative structure. The audience gets orientation from not only the opening sequence but also the next couple of scenes where they were at the school Christmas performance, putting up Christmas lights and the children asking for expensive difficult presents. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U.S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T.V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U.S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T.V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U.S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T.V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses.

A Journey into Darkness in Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Darkness e

A Journey into Darkness in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrad, in his story, "Heart of Darkness," tells the tale of two mens' realization of the dark and evil side of themselves. Marlow, the "second" narrator of the framed narrative, embarked upon a spiritual adventure on which he witnessed firsthand the wicked potential in everyone.   On his journey into the dark, forbidden Congo, Marlow encountered Kurtz, a "remarkable man" and "universal genius," who had made himself a god in the eyes of the natives over whom he had an imperceptible power.   These two men were, in a sense, images of each other:   Marlow was what Kurtz may have been, and Kurtz was what Marlow may have become.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like a jewel, "Heart of Darkness" has many facets.   From one view it is an exposure of Belgian methods in the Congo, which at least for a good part of the way sticks closely to Conrad's own experience.   Typically, however, the adventure is related to a larger view of human affairs. Marlow told the story one evening on a yacht in the Thames estuary as darkness fell, reminding his audience that exploitation of one group by another was not new in history.   They were anchored in the river, where ships went out to darkest Africa.   Yet, as lately as Roman times, London's own river led, like the Congo, into a barbarous hinterland where the Romans went to make their profits.   Soon darkness fell over London, while the ships that bore "civilization" to remote parts appeared out of the dark, carrying darkness with them, different only in kind to the darkness they encounter.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These thoughts and feelings were merely part of the tale, for Co... ...ntempt to be a kind of moral heroism.       Works Cited Adelman, Gary. Heart of Darkness: Search for the Unconscious. Boston: Little & Brown, 1987. Bradley, Candice. "Africa and Africans in Conrad's Heart of Darkness." (24 Jan. 1996). Online Internet. 3 October 1998. Available: http://www.lawrence.edu/~johnson/heart. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. 17th ed. New York: Norton, 1988. Levenson, Michael. "The Value of Facts in the Heart of Darkness." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 40 (1985):351-80. Rosmarin, Adena. "Darkening the Reader: Reader Response Criticism and Heart of Darkness." Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York: St. Martin's, 1989. Watt, Ian. Conrad in the Nineteenth Century. San Diego: U. of California P, 1979. 168-200, 249-53.   

Medicalization of Childbirth

1. BACKGROUND In the 1700s, Barber-surgeons, predecessors of the obstetricians belonged to a low social standing, similar to that of carpenters and shoemakers, members of the arts and trade guild. In an attempt to create social mobility and improve social status, barber-surgeons saw the opportunity to expand their expertise and redefined the perception of their skill as life saving, a higher moral order. Soon, barber-surgeons gained a competitive edge over midwives to practise at difficult home-deliveries, through manual non-medical-instrumental extraction of fetus from the birthing woman (Dundes, 1987).Contrary to lay belief that fetal life began only at the point of â€Å"quickening† when expectant woman felt fetal movement (20 weeks), Obstetricians utilized their bio-scientific knowledge from the expertise of the microscope to claim that the start of perinatal life begins from the point of conception (Costello, 2006). This Interprofessional rivalry sparked resistance from t he displaced midwives. However, English midwives succeeded in certifying midwifery practice through the 1902 Midwifery act (Costello, 2006).This was an important step in establishing midwives not as physician-rivals, but as para-medical subordinates. In the same year, 1902, the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the British Empire was published (Drife, 2002). Early physician Mosher observed inverse relationship of declining birthrate and increasing abortion rate. He hypothesized that women opted for â€Å"criminal abortion† to avoid childbirth pain. This sparked widespread attention from society to reduce the disincentives of childbirth. Hence, obstetricians made claims to be able to alleviate childbirth pain, creating a market for obstetrics.In 1900s, only 15% of deliveries were in hospitals (Jones, 1994), after the ministry of health expanded maternal hospital facilities, hospital deliveries sored from 60% in 1925, to 70% in 1935 and 98% in 1950 (Loudon, 1988). This sh arp increase also correlates with the emergence of chloroform and ether as the first analgesics during the mid 1800s, followed by the Twilight Sleep consumer movement, of scopolamine and morphine, in the early 1900s, championed by middle and upper class women for fundamental rights to painless childbirth.Under the guise of these feminist efforts, medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth changed the orientation of childbirth to something unnatural, and created consumer demand for medical intervention. Finally, the formation of universal healthcare systems, such as the NHS, in an attempt to provide welfare-state equality to healthcare access, gained power over women’s reproductive status and decisions. 2. INTRODUCTION Medicalization occurs when a social problem is â€Å"defined in medical terms, described using medical language, understood through the adoption of a medical framework, or ‘treated with medical interventions† (Conrad, 2007).Pregnancy and childbirth has been subjected to the process of medicalization through increased medical jurisdiction and medical surveillance over these natural domains of life. There are three levels of medicalization: conceptual, institutional, and interactional (Conrad, 2007). This essay explores ways at which these three levels of medicalization have been applied to pregnancy and childbirth, and its consequences. 3. DISCUSSION 3. 1 Conceptual medicalization Pregnancy was an experience strictly confined to women, while childbirth was a domestic event attended by female relatives and midwives.This exclusive and empowering experience opposed and threatened patriarchy, the dominant culture of modern society, creating a social problem of female superiority. Hence, professional obstetricians emerged, eliminated midwifery, and created a medical model of practice that cast a disabling view on pregnancy and childbirth, allowing male participation as women’s salvation or at least, her equal. Medical authori ty and medical technologies attempt to reduce the private and individual experience of the women, and allow participation of men in the shared pregnancy and childbirth experience.One way of removing power from the female experience is to shift the focus away from adaptive bodily functions, to a desexualized and depersonalized birthing experience, with introduction of elements of patriarchy. The agency of the women was further removed through the application of the lithotomy (dorsal recumbent) position and epidural anesthesia. The lithotomy position has the woman lies on her back, facing the ceiling, with her legs separated and held by stirrups.She is given no visual or physical access to the birthing process, and no free access to movement. She merely allows. Epidural anesthesia removes bodily sensations from the waist down. Hence, the birthing woman does not receive contraction signals from her body to bear-down and expel the child. She has to depend on obstetricians for objective data on her delivery progress. Risks and choices are also presented in medical terms, hence, women are unable to understand and make informed choices or negotiate participation in their pregnancy and childbirth process.Then, the woman is stripped of her individual identity and given identities based on the age, maternal co-morbidities, number of pregnancy (Parity), and point of time in delivery (Gravid). These gives obstetricians biological information of the individual, allowing better assessment of the body and applying of the concept of risks to the management of care. Furthermore, the woman’s identity now revolves around the unborn child. Her choice of diet and lifestyle is now dictated by the risks she is willing to put on the unborn child.The rights of child over mother are highly contested in the literature. After depersonalizing the woman, weakening the gender ideology at birth, an attempt to desexualize the birthing process is done by creating taboo and discomfort to the sexual nature of childbirth. In Midwifery techniques, hands-on perineal massage, which involves preparatory stretching of the vaginal passage; and stimulation of the nipples and clitoris to elicit biological hormones that relaxes and lubricates the vaginal walls, supports natural delivery.However, obstetricians attempted to remove suggestions of female sexuality from the birthing process to allow involvement of a male-dominated profession. Substituting the natural, with artificial injectable hormones (Pitocin) to induce labor; cesarean sections to remove the child from an above-naval-abdominal surgery; and episiotomies (clean incision and straight reunion of the skin, as opposed to a irregular natural tear) as a mark of the obstetrician. This decreases the empowering experience of the body and increases the dependency on external medical interventions.They also offer episiotomies and cesarean sections to â€Å"intercede† for the husband, who assumes legal access and poss ession of the body and sexuality of the birthing woman who has been â€Å"destroyed† by the birth of her child. Another example to illustrate presence of patriarchy is how technology â€Å"reveals† and shares the individual pregnancy experience of the pregnant woman with her husband, is through ultrasonography-enabled-visualization of the child in formation. As such, he pregnant women no longer has authoritative knowledge over her pregnancy, but now engages in an more egalitarian relationship with her husband, an equal partner in the pregnancy experience. 3. 2 Institutional Medicalization Obstetricians became self-governing-businessmen through private practice. Their capitalistic motivations were achieved solely through their medical authority, and not through training in business management. They could determine the type of obstetrical interventions women of each social class deserved.A 75% cesarean section rate among private patients compares to 25% among general pat ients in New York (Hurst and Summey, 1984). This suggests a difference in professional accountability of physicians treating different paying classes. Private obstetricians receive out-of-pocket fees directly from their patients; maintain continuity of care, a personal doctor-patient relationship is expected. Obstetricians become â€Å"socially indebted† to direct-paying patients; hence they may exercise their skill of medical interventions in exchange for the fee, imposing medical procedures on women even in the absence of indication.Furthermore, the closer doctor-patient relationship of private practitioners allows the professional to better evaluate the emotion-translated financial willingness or financial ability to pay for additional cost of medical interventions. High information access through prenatal education and consultations positively correlates with high prenatal care and high cesarean rates (Hurst and Summey, 1984). Theoretically, increased prenatal care should decrease the risks of pregnancy and childbirth; hence less medical intervention should be required.Hence, it is suggested that with medicalized care expanding its surveillance to the prenatal period, there is increased awareness of the dangers of childbirth complication, and of alternate birthing methods, putting high SES New York women at risk for choosing medical intervention, which carries surgical risks on its own. Interestingly, women of lower SES in public hospitals in India were also subjected to more medical interventions and became targets of governmental missions of population control and subjected to pressure to undergo sterilization after delivery (Van Hollen, 2003).Another notable finding was the extensive use of drugs to induce labor, where drug-induced labor was a means of crowd-control, to free up maternity beds for new patients (Van Hollen, 2003). This infrastructure constraint defers from the picture of many modern western countries. In which extensive infrastruct ure was built in more fertile days, and with declining birth rates, more invasive medical procedures such as cesarean section ensures longer hospital stays, utilization of resources and sustaining jobs of healthcare workers in the maternal hospital (Hurst and Summey, 1984).By medicalizing pregnancy and childbirth, the state, through government hospitals and public policies can effectively control the rate of reproduction. Hence, it is seen in both social classes, obstetricians have different motivations for the medicalization of childbirth. Another factor fuelling the medicalization of childbirth is obstetrician’s fear of malpractice suits. Government employers indemnify obstetricians working in general hospitals, however private practicing obstetricians do not receive this privilege. Hence, private patients are able to bring malpractice suits directly to the practitioner, and his practice’s reputation.Fear of malpractice suits are frequently cited for the increase in cesarean rates in New York (Hurst and Summer, 1984). Hence, private practitioners reduce the risk of being legally liable for unsuccessful or complicated childbirth by relying on their skills and exercising authority to decide on medical interventions. Private practitioners also pay a huge premium for malpractice insurance to cover for themselves. In New York, malpractice insurance premiums have risen from $3,437 to $50,000 over three decades (Hurst and Summey, 1984). Application of costly medical interventions helps private obstetricians to cover this cost. . 3 Interactional medicalization Through the cultural interaction between obstetrician and his patient, obstetricians attempt to control culturally deviant behavior medical and intervene with obstetric medicine. Obstetricians routinize medical interventions as professional rituals to establish a sense of security and control over the unpredictable natural process of pregnancy and childbirth (Davis-Floyd, 2002). As part of the ob stetrician’s professional duty, they experience the agonizing prospect of the encountering a biological defect or a loss of human life or biologically defective.Hence, when in the power to establish control mechanisms over nature, obstetricians instate medical interventions to protect themselves from emotional distress, from disability, death or blame from their patients. However, Floyd fails to acknowledge the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspective, where obstetricians may employ medicalization, not solely from the power of professional authority but for social service to women, and a social duty maintain society’s order.Simonds, 2002 points out that â€Å"as small durations of time become socially meaningful, the perceived scarcity of physical time increases, perceived control of events in one’s life decreases†. This rightly illustrates increased value and meaning of the period preceding childbirth, as social pressure to produce a new fun ctional member of the social group, on both women and obstetricians increases. Ultimately, medical interventions not only serve the interest of obstetricians, but also to women and society as a whole.For example, the change from trimester to weekly monitoring of pregnancy and the introduction of a scheduled hourly-charting at labor, does not merely enable increased medical surveillance and control, but also increases social contact which legitimizes woman’s gender role and addresses the valued significance of pregnancy and childbirth as social events. To the same effect, the medical category expansion to include prenatal screening at dated-pregnancy-checkpoints is also a social construction influenced by the 20th century eugenics project.Prenatal screening allowed in-utero detection of â€Å"biological defects† such as Cleft lip; Spinal bifida; Down’s syndrome, and determination of sex, this screening creates points of knowing for crucial decision-making. Throug h selective abortion another obstetric procedure, obstetricians and women â€Å"play God†, make choices on rejecting or accepting the child into the family and society. This stems from the desire to have a perfect child in a eugenic society. Next, risks is defined by obstetricians, whether a women is or not allowed to have a normal birth.Medical students are taught in terms of the very dichotomous high or low risk assessment of pregnancy. Obstetricians are able to develop diagnoses to categorize deliveries as high risk. Previously, due to poor nutrition, women suffered from a calcium deficiency known as rickets, hence malformed pelvis caused difficulty in vaginal delivery (Drife, 2002). Now, doctors socially construct small pelvis as a diagnosis of cephalo-pelvic disproportion (Beckett, 2005). Women then see themselves as defective, blame themselves, hile doctors use this emotional-blackmail, threatening women of her baby’s death, usually into submission, hence legitim izing his obstetric power. Hence, obstetricians attempt to use objective criteria to label the highly subjective definition of complicated or high-risk pregnancies. Another example is obesity. Women with obesity have higher rates of cesarean section (Beckett, 2005). Hence, these deviant behaviors are perceived as abnormal and have a higher rate of medical intervention.Obstetricians also exaggerate the dangers of childbirth (Cahill, 2001), implicitly suggesting the potential for complications and risks. It is suggested that women internalize gender systems such as knowledge, discourses and practices of the female norm and â€Å"acts† it out during childbirth (Martin, 2003). Middle-class women view themselves as relational, caring, selfless, and discipline their bodies to adhere to the prescribed gender identity. At childbirth, women may actively request for medical intervention, such as analgesia, epidural anesthesia, cesarean sections under general anesthesia, to prevent devi ant behavior.This social driver for medicalization of childbirth is also reflected in the increased risk of childbirth portrayed by the media. Media constantly focuses on exaggeration, creation of a medical crisis. The birthing women agonizing in pain, the use of machines to denote life or death, and the swarming of medical personnel at the birth bed portrays an increase tension and risks at childbirth. Also, news reports home birthing, and finding of abandoned newborns as irresponsible, and linked to pathological child-abusers (Craven, 2005). . CONCLUSION Medicalization of childbirth and pregnancy is an attempt by society to maintain hegemony over the female body and the family, to perpetuate patriarchy, capitalism, vigilance and risk-caution as the dominant culture. However, there is a vast difference in the motivations of this social process. Society sees inequality of gender as a social problem, hence it attempts to control female subordination through the medicalization of preg nancy and childbirth, experiences paramount of the female gender identity.Then, society attempts to control the reproduction of the population by structurally categorizing women according to their ability to access maternal facilities of care. The â€Å"ideal† childbirth experience was then linked to the idea of Socio-economic status. Women, who could afford medicalized care, received the most current and â€Å"advanced† technologies. While women who could not afford medicalized care often received less medical interventions, creating a subjective experience â€Å"lesser† than that of the already established norm of hospitalized painless childbirth.Also, the state could more effectively control population growth through the authority of the attending obstetricians. Lastly, society attempts to control the ideal construction of a society, seeing the unpredictability of childbirth as a social problem, hence attempting to control it with an expansion of medical cate gory to include risk assessments such as prenatal screening and intensive monitoring of delivery process at childbirth. Society also sees the unruly behavior of women at childbirth as deviant and attempts to control it with medicine and medical interventions.